Since the 1950s, senior Japanese government officials have issued numerous apologies for the war crimes. The use of such weapons was generally prohibited by international agreements previously signed by Japan, including the Hague Conventions (18), which banned the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare. The Imperial Japanese Army Air Service took part in conducting chemical and biological attacks on civilians during the Second Sino-Japanese War and World War II. Japanese veterans have admitted to war crimes, and have provided oral testimonies and written evidence, which includes diaries and war journals. Estimates of the number of deaths range from 3 to 30 million through sexual slavery, massacres, human experimentation, starvation, and forced labor directly perpetrated or condoned by the Japanese military and government. Under Emperor Hirohito, the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) and the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) perpetrated numerous war crimes which resulted in the deaths of millions of people. Some war crimes were committed by Japanese military personnel during the late 19th century, but most were committed during the first part of the Shōwa era, the name given to the reign of Emperor Hirohito. These incidents have been described as "the Asian Holocaust". The Empire of Japan committed war crimes in many Asian-Pacific countries during the period of Japanese imperialism, primarily during the Second Sino-Japanese and Pacific Wars.
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